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= Kingdom of Portugal and Algarves (1834-1910) = [[File:Kingdom of portugal and algarves flag.png|thumb|Flag of t

he Kingdom of Portugal and Algarves (1834-1910]]

The Kingdom of Portugal (also referred to by historiography as the Kingdom of Portugal and Algarves) was a state that existed between the mid-19th century and the beginning of the 20th century (1834 and 1910). His government was a representative constitutional parliamentary monarchy, from the accession to the throne of Queen D. Maria II in the 1830s to the dismissal of King D. Manuel II in 1910. It was a period of great progress, both at the military, cultural, political, industrial and economic. After the defeat of the absolutists in the Liberal Wars, Portuguese politics of the 19th century was marked by liberal ideas, although it also did not achieve the desired tranquility due to various anarchic-republican movements. Liberals were a heterogeneous group that had come together to fight against absolutists but that in common had many discrepancies. For this reason, they were divided in the first place between moderates and progressives, which led to the creation of the two most important parties in the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy: the Regenerating Party (1851) and the Progressive Party (1876). The first point of mismatch was the country's new political constitution, while the progressives, called Setembristas, wanted to re-establish the 1821 Constitution, the moderates, called Cartistas, wanted to impose the 1826 Constitution.

Along with prosperity and development in Portugal, the Portuguese population has also undergone profound changes. The Portuguese population will have increased by about 75% during the 19th century, according to available information and studies already carried out for that period. It was a moderate growth, although progressively dynamic as the century progressed. The variation in the number of Portuguese between 1801 and 1851 was only 23.4%, against about 42% between that last date and 1900. In practice, it went from 2.9 to 3.5 million residents. In the 19th century, with the end of the Inquisition, some affluent families of Sephardic Jewish origin returned to Portugal, namely from Morocco and Gibraltar (such as Ruah, Bensaúde, Anahory, Abecassis and Buzzaglo). The first synagogue built in Portugal since the 15th century was the Lisbon Synagogue, inaugurated in 1904. An increase in the population, including Protestants and Jews, arose, even though Portugal remained massively Catholic. Slavery, which was initially abolished by Marques de Pombal in 1761 for slaves arriving in Portugal and this step was the first step towards the abolition of slavery in the world, was being restricted by successive reforms until its abolition by King D. Luiz I in 1869. In the second half of the 19th century, under pressure from King D. Pedro V and his successor, D. Luiz I and England, Portugal prohibited the slave trade and, in 1854, by decree, all slaves were freed that remained. Two years later, all slaves of the Catholic Church in the colonies were also freed. On February 25, 1869, at the behest of D. Luiz I, the "practical" and complete abolition of slavery was finally achieved throughout the Portuguese Empire.

Visual arts, literature and theater emerged in this period of great changes. Although heavily influenced by European styles ranging from neoclassicism to romanticism, each concept was adapted to create a genuinely Portuguese culture. Neoclassicism emerged in Portugal in the last quarter of the 18th century and began to have a greater expression in Porto and only later extended to Lisbon. It continued until the middle of the 19th century, having, in some cases, reached the 20th century. Romanticism in Portugal emerged in the 19th century thanks to the influence of D. Fernando II. Although the last decades of the Portuguese Monarchy have been a period of several economic, political and social crises, the country has experienced a period of consistent peace and economic prosperity. After 76 years, on October 5, 1910, D. Manuel II was overthrown by a sudden coup d'état led by a minority of republican, military and civilian leaders whose purpose was the formation of a presidential republic, initiating the republican regime in the country that would result in Portugal's first dictatorship.

History
For maintaining the alliance with England and refusing to join the Continental Block, Portugal was invaded by the armies of Napoleon Bonaparte, three times, the first in 1807. The Court and the Portuguese royal family took refuge in Brazil and the capital he moved to Rio de Janeiro, where they would remain until 1821, when D. João VI, since 1816 king of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves, returned to Lisbon to swear the first Constitution. The following year, his son D. Pedro IV - known in Brazil as Dom Pedro I - was proclaimed emperor of Brazil.

Portugal lived, during the rest of the 19th century, periods of enormous political and social disturbance (the civil war and repeated military revolts and pronouncements, such as the September Revolution, Maria da Fonte, Patuleia, Belenzada) and only with the Additional Act to the Charter, in 1852, it was possible to calm down the political situation and initiate the promotion policy that took place during the Regeneration period, of which Fontes Pereira de Melo was a leading figure.

At the end of the 19th century, Portuguese colonial ambitions clashed with British ones, which is at the origin of the 1890 Ultimatum. The yielding to British demands and the increasingly common economic problems and scandals launched the monarchy into growing discredit thanks to Republican propaganda, the turning point for the Monarchy in Portugal was the assassination of D. Carlos I and the Prince-Royal D. Luís Filipe on February 1, 1908. The monarchy was still in power for two more years, headed by D. Manuel II, but would be abolished on October 5, 1910, with the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic.