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Creator of the Essay Genre - Michel De Montaigne
Michel de Montaigne was born February 28, 1533 in Château de Montaigne near Dordogne.

"I was born between 11 o'clock in the morning and 12 hours of day on the last day of February 1533.

When I am free from many vices, I thank happiness more than my mind. It made me born from the floor, highly appreciated for his rightness, and from a very nice father. I do not know if I inherited something from his character, or helped a home example. In any case, most of the vices are essentially ы for me. "

He is the firstborn of a rich merchant and a high judge in the parliament of Bordeaux Pierre Eykema (1495-1568) and his wife Antoinette (de Loup de Villanueva, allegedly Jewish origin). Both got married in 1529.

It is not known whether the Eykem family from England occurred, as Montaen himself suggests. Given the close relationship between England and the south of France in the period of planagenets, it would be impossible.

Father accompanied Franz I in his Italian campaigns before he began the official career.

Montaigne comes from NOBLES OF THE ROBE. This meant that traditions were transmitted from generation to generation. Of course, later Montaigne adopted the position of the judge from his father.

The great-grandfather Montaigne was still the only wine dealer, dried fish in Bordeaux and gave a state there.

In less than three generations, Monteny became one of the first families in Bordeaux.

As mentioned, Michel is the firstborn after two sisters. He has seven brothers and sisters.

Children are raised non-standard, experimentally. Initially, the father left his son in infancy to harden the simple village inhabitants in the village of Pades, a few kilometers to the north. Montae will confront people throughout his life without the usual arrogance of its social class. On the contrary, he will always admire the simplicity and liveliness of people. His style either never takes overloaded court-style, but laconicity, simplicity and clarity were always considered MONTEN Ideal: "The language that I love is simple and natural: on paper it does not differ from oral on paper; language, total energy and power, short and accurate, less smooth than sharp and rapid; ... not every beauty, audacity, ... not a school teacher,

At the second level of education, the father hires as a private teacher of German Dr. Horastanus, who speaks with boys only in Latin. Domestic workers also speak children only in Latin, given their limited opportunities. Montae himself later mention in the custom writing that he mastered the Roman language earlier than his native language: "Without art, without books, without grammar and rules, without twigs and tears, I learned Latin as purely as my teacher could. "

Later Monten writes:

"Nevertheless, even if forty years have passed since I stopped using this language for a conversation and writing only a bit, it is natural to me; I understand it better than French. In the case of unusual, sudden emotions that attacked I two or three times in my life - once, when my father completely lost consciousness on my hands - the first words that broke out of the heart of my soul, were always Latin. "

And most importantly: apparently, for a long time, all the formulas and the sayings of Christian Latinism are completely covered, so it is not easy for him to cross the language; He grows as it would be a "pagan", which does not challenge this paganism, like many others, and later rebel against the Christianity of the parents, but acquires him with the milk of the cormalists and how the Roman raised the baby completely naturally, as it is most natural for him in his world.

Michelle de Monten will always remember his father positively: "... never had a more loving and friendly soul."

1539-1546.

Michel de Monten visited the college de Gaien, founded in Bordeaux in 1533. He received a humanistic education in Frates Gouvea, the Great Scottish Latinist Buchenane. College is considered a gate of humanism in Bordeaux.

How does is called? First of all, Monten met the classic paperwritingservice texts of antiquity and loved them. He met Plutarch, Seneca and Tacitis, his later favorite writers, as well as with versgil, Terenitsa, Cicero and Float.

This education underlies all its later works. Hugo Friedrich in his brilliant study Monteney notes: "We can say that the whole warehouse of the thoughts of Monteniya, not only his subjects; But the formation of his thoughts is determined by antiquity. "

Michelle de Montang trains his style for this. Rhetoric and dialectic, of course, are part of the canon learning. Nevertheless, after a long years of study, encouraged by the Father, he will rather negatively evaluate the time in this highly valued educational institution.

As far as these ancient writers have formed him existentially, the famous sayings that Monten recorded much later in his do my homework as a permanent warning.

And no matter how much he is striving for independence from samples

1577-1580

Published the second book of the works. Monten both belong to Henry III. and appointed Chamberlain (Gentilhomme ordinaire de la Chambre du Roi) Henry of Navarre.

Montaigne was ill for the first time, he had kidney stones. On the issue of medicine and physiology in general, Montaigne refers very openly, as it were, without a twinge of conscience, in his essay: "I am struggling with the worst, most brutal, the most painful, the most deadly and the most incurable disease. six strong and persistent attacks on her. Because of my gripes I have at least the advantage that it is completely overcome that still stood in my path to fully by acquainted with death, because the more it hurts and hurts me, the less fear before death ".

His father suffered from the disease, and he endured it for seven years before he died in agony from a particularly large rock. Montaigne is categorically against quackery of modern physicians. It seems that only some spa treatments at the spa, have brought some relief. So he definitely planning their big tour in Europe as a route to various resorts.

1581.

Several motives were mixed, to take a great trip to Italy. In addition to the pure passion for travel, the top priority was probably to escape the turmoil of the Civil War; search for medicinal baths; the will to self-education; the desire to follow in the footsteps of his father. Central pretext was the fulfillment of vows.

As already mentioned, all children Montaigne died shortly after birth. Surviving daughter Leonora forced parents swear to thank the Virgin of Loreto for the grace of prayer and the image of a vow.

Montaigne does this promise and leaving from Rome in mid-April. Before that, he was awarded an honorary citizen of Rome.

His journey finally leads to the baths near Lucca.

There he received the news of the September 7 that the August 2 unanimously elected mayor of Montaigne only went home in the late autumn, in France, to take up his post. November 30, 1581, he reached the castle of Montaigne.

We are fully aware of the great journey, because he Montaigne kept a diary of experiences, meetings and cultural curiosities: he writes about hermaphrodites, marriages between lesbians and gay men, or about the total corruption of morality, to which complained about the Swiss, as well as culinary delights or manners the table in southern Germany. Along the way he arranges public balls and distributes prizes to the best dancers in Venice and Florence, he examines in detail the brothels, he suffers punishment and exorcism of the Devil and observes the Jewish ritual of circumcision.

This diary, which Montaigne deliberately not published, was accidentally discovered by the Abbe de Pruna Castle Montaigne in 150 years after the writer's death. The manuscript appears in 1774 under the title: "Diary of a journey through Italy, Switzerland and Germany in 1580 and 1581 respectively."

In the third book of his essay Montaigne writes the central proposal of his existence: "I will not describe being, I describe being on the move." Behind this disclaimer against any solid, definite, absolute! The trip also reflects the significant traits of Montaigne. Scientist recluse in the tower is known, but Montaigne - more modern man, avoiding boredom at all costs. Curious look from the inside matches the outside look of surprise. Diary of his trip proves it!

In his essay, Montaigne wrote about traveling: "That's why communication with people bringing this exceptional favor and travel to foreign countries. Not that they brought home, as our French know how many steps does Santa Rotunda, or what it is. Nero's head found in old ruins, from that on such a coin, or like fine lingerie Lady Libya, but to know the character and way of life of these people, so that we can rub and sharpen our in their minds I had to travel with a student abroad from an early age, namely, to kill two birds with one stone, first for the neighboring nations, whose language is more than different from ours and for which language if someone does not do it in time to lose flexibility.

1582-1585

Henry III Civil War challenges the entire political fate of the mayor Michel de Mitena. In the service in his hometown, the parliament of which approved him as mayor until July 31, 1585, Monten tried to protect Bordeaux from political and religious riots. For this, he arrives several times to the Royal Court of Heinrich III. in Paris.

At the same time, he was responsible for the second edition of his essays of 1582 with some corrections and additions.

On December 19, 1584, Monten first visited Heinrich Navarre, subsequently became King Heinrich IV. The leader of the Calvinist Party remains for four days, sleeps in the bed of the owner, having fun himself, and they go on a hunt for deer together. Although this acquaintance is primarily associated with political roots, it also seems to have respect and sympathy.

In June 1585, Michel de Monten delivered a mediator between Heinrich Navarre and the Royal Governor Marshal Background Matignon to prevent the League to seize power in Bordeaux.

1592.

On September 13, 1592, Monten died of severe angina at the age of fifty nine years in his castle. There are only reports from the second hand: Etienne Paskira tests of his Christian death. Pierre De Brush reports his serene from the philosophical point of view of death. Frequently quoted motto MONITE "QUE SAIS-JE?" Apply here, because: "Be satisfied. Nature did everything well. "

On May 1, 1593, he was translated into Bordeaux.

1595.

Edition (vulgate) "Essay", which is still fundamental, appears posthumously Mrs. De Gurne, his "adopted daughter". She scrupulously adheres to the handwritten improvements in Monteni.

This Madame de Gurna, who secretly had to teach Latin behind the back of the mother, arbitrary, comparing the original texts with their translations, was also a writer.

Treatise Marie de Guren about the equality of the gender "Égalité des hommes et femmes" was published in 1622 - truly outdated thinker.

In the first half of the 17th century, Essais der Neighbor's edition followed.

1597.

Essay published Francis Bacon. Therefore, Monten gave the name to his own literary genre."