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= Kingdom of Portugal and Algarves (1834-1910) = [[File:Kingdom of portugal and algarves flag.png|thumb|Flag of t

he Kingdom of Portugal and Algarves (1834-1910|307x307px]] The Kingdom of Portugal (also referred to by historiography as the Kingdom of Portugal and Algarves) was a state that existed between the mid-19th century and the beginning of the 20th century (1834 and 1910). His government was a representative constitutional parliamentary monarchy, from the accession to the throne of Queen D. Maria II in the 1830s to the dismissal of King D. Manuel II in 1910. It was a period of great progress, both at the military, cultural, political, industrial and economic. After the defeat of the absolutists in the Liberal Wars, Portuguese politics of the 19th century was marked by liberal ideas, although it also did not achieve the desired tranquility due to various anarchic-republican movements. Liberals were a heterogeneous group that had come together to fight against absolutists but that in common had many discrepancies. For this reason, they were divided in the first place between moderates and progressives, which led to the creation of the two most important parties in the Portuguese Constitutional Monarchy: the Regenerating Party (1851) and the Progressive Party (1876). The first point of mismatch was the country's new political constitution, while the progressives, called Setembristas, wanted to re-establish the 1821 Constitution, the moderates, called Cartistas, wanted to impose the 1826 Constitution.

Along with prosperity and development in Portugal, the Portuguese population has also undergone profound changes. The Portuguese population will have increased by about 75% during the 19th century, according to available information and studies already carried out for that period. It was a moderate growth, although progressively dynamic as the century progressed. The variation in the number of Portuguese between 1801 and 1851 was only 23.4%, against about 42% between that last date and 1900. In practice, it went from 2.9 to 3.5 million residents. In the 19th century, with the end of the Inquisition, some affluent families of Sephardic Jewish origin returned to Portugal, namely from Morocco and Gibraltar (such as Ruah, Bensaúde, Anahory, Abecassis and Buzzaglo). The first synagogue built in Portugal since the 15th century was the Lisbon Synagogue, inaugurated in 1904. An increase in the population, including Protestants and Jews, arose, even though Portugal remained massively Catholic. Slavery, which was initially abolished by Marques de Pombal in 1761 for slaves arriving in Portugal and this step was the first step towards the abolition of slavery in the world, was being restricted by successive reforms until its abolition by King D. Luiz I in 1869. In the second half of the 19th century, under pressure from King D. Pedro V and his successor, D. Luiz I and England, Portugal prohibited the slave trade and, in 1854, by decree, all slaves were freed that remained. Two years later, all slaves of the Catholic Church in the colonies were also freed. On February 25, 1869, at the behest of D. Luiz I, the "practical" and complete abolition of slavery was finally achieved throughout the Portuguese Empire.

Visual arts, literature and theater emerged in this period of great changes. Although heavily influenced by European styles ranging from neoclassicism to romanticism, each concept was adapted to create a genuinely Portuguese culture. Neoclassicism emerged in Portugal in the last quarter of the 18th century and began to have a greater expression in Porto and only later extended to Lisbon. It continued until the middle of the 19th century, having, in some cases, reached the 20th century. Romanticism in Portugal emerged in the 19th century thanks to the influence of D. Fernando II. Although the last decades of the Portuguese Monarchy have been a period of several economic, political and social crises, the country has experienced a period of consistent peace and economic prosperity. After 76 years, on October 5, 1910, D. Manuel II was overthrown by a sudden coup d'état led by a minority of republican, military and civilian leaders whose purpose was the formation of a presidential republic, initiating the republican regime in the country that would result in Portugal's first dictatorship.

Monarchs
The House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is a term used to categorize the last four rulers of the Kingdom of Portugal, and their families, from 1853 until the declaration of the Portuguese First Republic in 1910. Its name derives from the four kings descended in a patrilineal line from King D. Ferdinand II of Portugal (of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry) and in a matrilineal line from Queen D. Maria II of Portugal (of the House of Braganza). The designation Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is prevalent mainly in the writings of non-Portuguese historians and genealogists, as European custom classifies a descendant branch on the basis of patrilineal descent, which means that the House of Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is a cadet branch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry.

Nonetheless, the 1838 Portuguese constitution stated that the House of Braganza was the ruling house of Portugal, by way of Queen D. Maria II, and her descendants still continued to style themselves as members of the House of Braganza, as opposed to Saxe-Coburg-Braganza. With the death of King Manuel II without legitimate issue in 1932, the dynasty became extinct. The royal house was founded by Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, who on 9 April 1836 married Queen D. Maria II of Portugal. Members of the royal house held the Portuguese title of Infante/Infanta of Portugal, as well as the German titles of Prince/ss of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and Duke/Duchess of Saxony. On 15 November 1853, Queen Maria II died, and her eldest son succeeded to the throne as Pedro V, the first king of the Braganza-Saxe-Coburg and Gotha dynasty.

The dynasty remained on the throne until the outbreak in Portugal of the 5 October 1910 revolution when King Manuel II of Portugal was deposed and the Portuguese First Republic was established. D. Manuel II went into exile in Fulwell Park, England, where he died on 2 July 1932.

Rulers:


 * D. Maria II
 * D. Fernando II
 * D. Pedro V
 * D. Luiz I
 * D. Carlos I
 * D. Manuel II

History
For maintaining the alliance with England and refusing to join the Continental Block, Portugal was invaded by the armies of Napoleon Bonaparte, three times, the first in 1807. The Court and the Portuguese royal family took refuge in Brazil and the capital he moved to Rio de Janeiro, where they would remain until 1821, when D. João VI, since 1816 king of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and Algarves, returned to Lisbon to swear the first Constitution. The following year, his son D. Pedro IV - known in Brazil as Dom Pedro I - was proclaimed emperor of Brazil.

Portugal lived, during the rest of the 19th century, periods of enormous political and social disturbance (the civil war and repeated military revolts and pronouncements, such as the September Revolution, Maria da Fonte, Patuleia, Belenzada) and only with the Additional Act to the Charter, in 1852, it was possible to calm down the political situation and initiate the promotion policy that took place during the Regeneration period, of which Fontes Pereira de Melo was a leading figure.

At the end of the 19th century, Portuguese colonial ambitions clashed with British ones, which is at the origin of the 1890 Ultimatum. The yielding to British demands and the increasingly common economic problems and scandals launched the monarchy into growing discredit thanks to Republican propaganda, the turning point for the Monarchy in Portugal was the assassination of D. Carlos I and the Prince-Royal D. Luís Filipe on February 1, 1908. The monarchy was still in power for two more years, headed by D. Manuel II, but would be abolished on October 5, 1910, with the establishment of the First Portuguese Republic.

Parliament
The Constitutional Charter stated where the General Courts are instituted, composed by the Chamber of Peers and the Chamber of Deputies; appoints 72 Kingdom peers to constitute the 1st Chamber and determines the holding of elections under the terms of the Charter, shortly to abdicate the future Queen D. Maria II to her daughter. The Constitutional Charter enshrines, as representatives of the Nation, the King and the General Courts and seeks a compromise between the liberal ideals expressed in the previous Constitution and the real prerogatives. The Charter established a bicameralist system for the General Courts, with the Chamber of Peers composed of lifelong and hereditary members, appointed by the King, without a fixed number, to which were added Peers in their own right, by virtue of birth or office.

The 2nd Chamber, called the Chamber of Deputies, is now elected by indirect and census suffrage. In the primary elections, in which the Province Voters were elected, the right to vote was not attributed, among others, to minors under 25 years of age (age that could drop to 21 years, in specific cases) and to those "who have no net income hundred thousand reis ", maintaining the active electoral disabilities provided for in the 1822 Constitution.

Province voters must have a minimum income of two hundred thousand reis.

In order to be elected deputy, the minimum income requirement for four hundred thousand reis was raised.

The term of the legislature is extended to four years, with the legislative session being extended for three months by the King.

Legislative power continues to belong to the Cortes, but the Constitutional Charter gives the King an effective veto power, a real sanction, with absolute effect.

The King and the Counsil of Ministers
The change, in relation to the provisions of the Constitution of 1822, is one of the consequences of the adoption, by the Constitutional Charter, of the theory of the four powers: the legislative, the executive, the moderator and the judicial. The moderating, neutral power would belong to the king as "Supreme Chief of the Nation".

The legislative initiative, the right to propose, belonged without distinction to the two chambers or to the executive branch, albeit indirectly.

The King, in the exercise of his moderating power, has the power to dissolve the Chamber of Deputies.

Elections
The Additional Act of 1852, approved following the triumph of the Regenerator movement that removed Costa Cabral from the government, establishes the direct election of Deputies by all citizens with a minimum of one hundred thousand réis of income, thus lowering the census in the active electoral capacity. In order to be elected Deputy, the requirement of four hundred thousand réis of net income is maintained. Holders of literary titles, to be determined by the electoral law, in addition to lowering the minimum age for voting and being elected to 21, the proof of the census was dispensed with.

Ordinary laws, meanwhile published, have successively widened the scope of electoral capacity, namely the Law of May 8, 1878, which considers all heads of families and literate people to have the minimum income to vote.

Armed Forces
After the gradual stabilization of the Constitutional Monarchical regime after the Liberal Wars in the 1830’s, and with no imminent perceived immediate threats against the Portuguese European territory, the Army will focus on internal security duties and in the organizations of military expeditions overseas. The first major reorganization of the Army after its transformation from the previous Liberator Army, occurred as soon as 1837. The cavalry started to be organized in eight regiments, of which four would be of lancers and the others of caçadores a cavalo (mounted rifles). The infantry ceased to have regiments and became organized in 30 independent battalions, of which 10 would be of caçadores (numbered 6 to 25) and the others would be of line infantry (numbered 1 to 5 and 26 to 30). The artillery started to include four regiments, one of which was of horse and mounted artillery and the others were of garrison artillery.

The last Army organizations in the Monarchy occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. By that time, the Army was administratively organized in three grand military circumscriptions (North, Center and South), each including two military territorial divisions, plus two military commands (Azores and Madeira). Distributed by the several territorial divisions, there were four cavalry brigades and 12 infantry brigades, each including two regiments. Each division, brigade and military command had its own headquarters.

Armies

 * The Army of the North
 * The Army of the Center - Field Army (commanded by a Commander-in-Chief)
 * The Army of the South

Units
Infantry


 * 12 Infantry Brigades (plus two regiments)
 * 27 Infantry Regiments
 * 6 Caçadores Battalions
 * 1 Machine Guns Units
 * 1 Cyclists Units
 * 1 Machine Guns Units

Cavalry


 * 4 Cavalry Brigades
 * 10 Cavalry Regiments

Artillery


 * 6 Mounted Artillery Regiments
 * 1 Horse Artillery Batteries Group
 * 1 Mountain Artillery Batteries Group
 * 6 Garrison Artillery Groups
 * 4 Garrison Artillery independent Batteries


 * 1 Engineering Regiment
 * 1 Sappers-miners
 * 1 Pontoneers
 * 1 Telegraph Units
 * 1 Railway Companies
 * 3 Engineering Companies
 * 1 Fortress Sappers
 * 1 Torpedoes
 * 1 Fortress telegraph
 * 4 active army divisions